Chat With Your Friends Freely And Openly .. No Limit For Time

Tuesday, 30 November 2010

Warlogs Wikileaks Org Iraq Diary Dig



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Pentagon Whistleblower Daniel Ellsberg on Upcoming Iraq War Wikileaks Docs (Part 2 of 2)



Pentagon Whistleblower Daniel Ellsberg on Upcoming Iraq War Wikileaks Docs



WikiLeaks released the largest classified military leak in history




At 5pm EST Friday 22nd October 2010 WikiLeaks released the largest classified military leak in history. The 391,832 reports ('The Iraq War Logs'), document the war and occupation in Iraq, from 1st January 2004 to 31st December 2009 (except for the months of May 2004 and March 2009) as told by soldiers in the United States Army. Each is a 'SIGACT' or Significant Action in the war. They detail events as seen and heard by the US military troops on the ground in Iraq and are the first real glimpse into the secret history of the war that the United States government has been privy to throughout.
The reports detail 109,032 deaths in Iraq, comprised of 66,081 'civilians'; 23,984 'enemy' (those labeled as insurgents); 15,196 'host nation' (Iraqi government forces) and 3,771 'friendly' (coalition forces). The majority of the deaths (66,000, over 60%) of these are civilian deaths.That is 31 civilians dying every day during the six year period. For comparison, the 'Afghan War Diaries', previously released by WikiLeaks, covering the same period, detail the deaths of some 20,000 people. Iraq during the same period, was five times as lethal with equivalent population size.

the largest set of confidential documents ever to be released into the public domain




On Sunday 28th Novembre 2010, Wikileaks began publishing 251,287 leaked United States embassy cables, the largest set of confidential documents ever to be released into the public domain. The documents will give people around the world an unprecedented insight into the US Government's foreign activities.
The cables, which date from 1966 to the end of February this year, contain confidential communications between 274 embassies in countries throughout the world and the State Department in Washington DC. 15,652 of the cables are classified Secret.

Tuesday, 16 November 2010

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In Lies We Trust: The CIA, Hollywood and Bioterrorism - Official Release





Ask Tutulmasi 2009 Full Film





Documento sulle sconvolgenti collusioni tra George W. Bush e Osama bin Laden








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Zeitgeist - Der Film - Deutsch

Monday, 15 November 2010

COMPUTING .. Electric Skin that Rivals the Real Thing


Sensitive skin: A new tactile sensor can detect the gentle touch of an alighting insect. 

COMPUTING

Electric Skin that Rivals the Real Thing

Flexible sensors could give prosthetics and robots a more sensitive sense of touch.
The tactile sensitivity of human skin is hard to re-create, especially over large, flexible surfaces. But two California research groups have made pressure-sensing devices that significantly advance the state of the art.
One, made by researchers at Stanford University, is based on organic electronics and is 1,000 times more sensitive than human skin. The second, made by researchers at the University of California, Berkeley, uses integrated arrays of nanowire transistors and requires very little power. Both devices are flexible and can be printed over large areas; they are described this week in separate papers in the journal Nature Materials.
Highly sensitive surfaces could help robots pick up delicate objects without breaking them, give prosthetics a sense of touch, and give surgeons finer control over tools used for minimally invasive surgery. "Our goal is to mimic the human skin," says Zhenan Bao, professor of chemical engineering at Stanford. Human skin responds quickly to pressure and can detect objects as small as a grain of sand and light as an insect.
The core of Bao's device consists of a clear silicon-containing polymer called PDMS. This material's ability to store charge is directly related to its thickness. A few years ago, researchers led by Takao Someya at the University of Tokyo took advantage of this property, using PDMS as the insulating layer in flexible organic transistors that acted as pressure sensors. But these sensors were limited: when compressed, PDMS molecules change conformation, and it takes time for them to return to their original state.
Bao addressed this problem by patterning the polymer material with arrays of micropillars that stand up from the touchable surface. This design allows the material to flex and quickly return to its original shape, which means it's possible to take pressure measurements in quick succession. The microstructuring also improves the sensitivity of the device. The gentlest pressure that human skin can detect is about one kilopascal; Bao's devices can detect pressures that are 1,000 times more gentle.
This approach can be used to make flexible materials with inexpensive printing techniques, but the resulting device requires high voltages to operate. Ali Javey, professor of electrical engineering and computer science at the University of California, Berkeley, has built low-power tactile sensors based on arrays of inorganic nanowire transistors. The transistors are arranged beneath, and connected to, a layer of a commercially available conductive rubber that contains carbon nanoparticles. When the rubber is compressed, its electrical resistance changes, and this can be detected by the transistors. "The nanowires are being used as active electronics to run the tactile sensor on top," he explains.

BIOMEDICINE .. Implanting Artificial Limbs in the Body


Better connections: This is an x-ray of
 a woman who lost part of her arm in the 2005 London subway bombings. She uses an artificial limb that snaps onto
 a connector attached directly to the remaining bone. She now swims with
 the prosthesis every day. 

BIOMEDICINE

Implanting Artificial Limbs in the Body

Surgically installing prostheses into bones works better than traditional methods, but it still presents a significant risk of infection.

Johnny Matheny, a former commercial baker from Redhouse, Virginia, lost his left arm to bone cancer in 2008. He now wears a hook-style prosthesis strapped onto his chest; he can laboriously open and close the hook and move the arm up and down by flexing certain muscles. But he is avidly awaiting new technology that he thinks will work much better: a surgically implanted device that attaches directly to bone, potentially enabling superior range of movement and more precise control.
The devices have been tested in people for more than a decade in Europe, but they carry significant risks. Because they require a connection that protrudes through the skin, infections are fairly common, often requiring secondary surgeries. Scientists in Europe and the U.S. are trying to develop ways to better integrate the device with the body—creating stronger connections between metal, bone, and flesh—in order to reduce this risk.
"We are very hopeful. The fact that folks who received the implants are ambulatory means that their quality of life is obviously much better than it was," says Grant McGimpsey, director of the Bioengineering Institute at the Worcester Polytechnic Institute. "But we need to think about [infection risks] before implementing it in large numbers of people. We are looking for a prosthetic solution that will last 70 years."
The prostheses currently available to amputees fit over the wearer's stump. While they can vastly improve quality of life, allowing many people to walk, for example, they also have serious disadvantages. Walking can be quite painful, and friction between the stump and the socket of the prosthesis can lead to chronic sores and infection. "Overwhelmingly, the biggest reason people can't walk after amputation is because they can't wear a socket," Richard McGough, an orthopedic surgeon at the University of Pittsburgh.
With so-called osseointegrated implants, which attach directly to bone, a cylindrical device is surgically inserted into the hollow of the remaining bone. The goal is to encourage the bone to grow into the metal, similar to what happens after joint replacement surgeries. The artificial limb itself attaches to a short connector that protrudes from the skin, eliminating some problems of socket prostheses.
To date, many of the implants of this type have been performed in Germany, under the guidance of Horst Aschoff, director of the department of Plastic, Hand, and Reconstructive surgery at the Sana Clinic, in Lubeck. His team has treated more than 50 patients over the last decade. Aschoff's research shows that people with the lower-limb implants move more naturally than those with traditional prostheses, have a more symmetrical gait, and use less energy to perform the same movement.
But the procedure is still quite risky. "The biggest hurdle is fear of infection," says McGough, who has collaborated with Aschoff. "There are not a lot of other systems in medicine where you deliberately have a hunk of metal sticking out of skin." According to a survey of 40 of Aschoff's patients who received implants between 2003 and 2009, about half had to undergo a second surgery to deal with infections or other complications. Five had their implants removed. However, 38 of the 40 said they would undergo the original surgery again. 

Microthreads Help Grow New Muscles


Microthreads Help Grow New Muscles

Doctors can't do much in cases of severe muscle damage. New research shows that hair-thin threads might help.
    Mending muscle: Hair-thin threads like the ones shown here were seeded with muscle cells and implanted into wounds to help heal muscle in mice. 
Researchers have repaired large muscle wounds in mice by growing and implanting "microthreads" coated with human muscle cells. The microthreads—made out of the same material that triggers the formation of blood clots—seem to help the cells grow in the proper orientation, which is vital for rebuilding working muscle tissue.
"We hypothesize that cells migrate along these scaffolds, which act like a conduit," saysGeorge Pins, associate professor of bioengineering at Worcester Polytechnic Institute. Pins developed the microthread technology. The implanted cells quickly integrate into the existing muscle and reduce formation of scar tissue. "The cells grow into the space where muscle used to be, but they grow in a guided way."
Currently, there's not much doctors can do when someone suffers massive injury to a muscle, such as in a car crash or an explosion. Thick bands of scar tissue can form in the wound, leaving the muscle severely and permanently impaired.
Scientists are developing numerous approaches to creating replacement muscle, including growing patches of cells in a dish, injecting stem cells into damaged muscle, and implanting cell-seeded scaffolds designed to mimic native tissue. While all of these efforts show promise for certain applications, one of the major challenges has been growing enough cells in the correct structure to heal large muscle wounds.
"Muscle alignment is very important," says Kevin "Kit" Parker, a bioengineer at Harvard University who wasn't involved in the research. "You want the sarcomeres [the basic functional unit of muscle] to be aligned, that's how you get muscle contractions."
Pins and his collaborators, includingRay Page, an assistant professor at WPI's Bioengineering Institute, aim to solve this problem by growing cells along microthreads. These hair-thin strands are made of fibrin, a protein polymer that the body uses to initiate wound healing, and a common ingredient in tissue engineering. To make the microthreads, the researchers simultaneously extrude fibrinogen, the building block of fibrin, and thrombin, an enzyme that catalyzes the soluble fibrinogen proteins into a polymer, from two small tubes. (Microthreads are also being studied for other applications, such as growing patches of heart muscle to repair damage after heart attacks.)
The threads were seeded with human muscle cells derived from tissue discarded during surgery. Prior to seeding, Page's team grew the cells under conditions that pushed them to de-differentiate—or to become more juvenile, less specialized cells—which in turn made them better able to regenerate.
To test the technology in mice, researchers cut out about 30 percent of the animals' tibialis anterior muscle, which lies at the front of the lower leg. They then implanted cell-seeded microthreads into the wound. (The diameter of the thread, about 50 to 100 microns, is five to 10 times the size of the cells.)

BIOMEDICINE .. Testing Autism Drugs in Human Brain Cells

Testing Autism Drugs in Human Brain Cells


A method involving pluripotent stem cells could lead to personalized treatment of the disease

Point of contact: This image shows two compact masses of neuron precursor cells, derived from human pluripotent stem cells. Differentiated neurons, whose nuclei are shown in red, have begun to extend neuronal processes, shown in green, toward one another, forming neuronal connections. 
Credit: Carol Marchetto/Alysson Muotri



.

Autism is a highly complex disorder affecting one in every 110 children born in the United States. The disease's genetic profile and behavioral symptoms fluctuate widely from case to case, and this variability has frustrated scientists' efforts to identify effective treatments. A new study suggests that autism could eventually be a target for personalized treatment, targeted to a patient's own neurons.
A team from the University of California, San Diego, and the Salk Institute for Biological Studies devised a way to study brain cells from patients with autism, and found a way reverse cellular abnormalities in neurons that have been associated with autism.
The researchers took skin biopsies from patients with a severe form of autism called Rett syndrome, and genetically reprogrammed those cells into pluripotent stem cells. Pluripotent stem cells have the power to differentiate into any kind of cell in the body, depending on environmental cues during early development. The team differentiated the stem cells into fully functioning neurons, and then studied their functioning. They found that neurons derived from patients with Rett syndrome showed certain abnormalities, including markedly smaller cell bodies, dendrite connections, and decreased cell-to-cell communication.
By treating these patient-derived neurons with an experimental drug, the researchers could reverse the cellular abnormalities. The findings, published today in the journal Cell, could give scientists a powerful tool for pinpointing the causes of autism and other brain disorders, and a way to choose targeted treatments.
"It took us two years to finish this project, and personalized medicine might not be that far off," says Carol Marchetto, first author of the paper and a postdoctoral researcher at the Salk Institute. "In the lifetime of a patient, you could go from his skin sample to a reprogrammed cell, to differentiating into a neuron, and find drugs that could be used on that patient."
Rett syndrome, which mostly affects girls, can cause highly impaired social and communication skills, which become apparent soon after a child learns to walk and talk. Patients with Rett can experience increased difficulty breathing and controlling their movements, and can develop repetitive and compulsive behaviors similar to other forms of autism.
Marchetto sees Rett syndrome as a gateway to the broader study of autism, since many other forms of autism share behavioral and genetic similarities with Rett syndrome.
Most cases of autism seem to stem from a combination of genetic abnormalities, but Rett arises from a single gene mutation, found on the MeCP2 gene on the X chromosome. In girls, one of two X chromosomes carries the mutation, and during fetal brain development, one chromosome is activated within each brain cell, seemingly at random. Rett patients can exhibit varying percentages of brain cells carrying the mutation, which can manifest as varying levels of severity of the disorder.

A Real Space Hopper for Mars


Delta-V






A Real Space Hopper for Mars

The rocket-propelled vehicle would explore planets more efficiently than wheeled rovers.

Researchers at Draper Laboratory in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and MIT are developing a vehicle that could explore the moon, Mars or an asteroid by taking giant propulsive leaps.
Known as "the hopper," the vehicle could leap over craters, cliffs, and other obstacles, covering as much as a kilometer at a time. While in the air, the hopper would be able to map the ground below, to ensure that it lands safely.
"It's a plane-car hybrid," says Bobby Cohanim, principal investigator of the hopper at MIT. The hopper could drive around and then take a rocket propelled hop when it meets an obstacle or wants to move quickly to a new location, he says. The hopper could explore more of Mars in a few days than NASA's current rovers have explored in six years, he adds.
The hopper, which is autonomously controlled, uses guidance, navigation and control, and avionics systems built by Draper. The structure and propulsion system for hopping--a ducted fan propulsion system with a cold-gas control system--is being developed by MIT. The plan is to use the hopper for the Google Lunar X Prize as part of the Next Giant Leapteam. 
I recently visited Draper and got a look at the hopper in its current state of development. Here's a video of my visit: